Santa Clara County Bird List 2022

Cumulative list compiled and discussions written by Brooke Miller. Monthly reports are made up of both eBird sightings and postings on South Bay Birds. Please email additions, corrections, or comments to Brooke at idbirds@me.com.

Please post all your sightings to southbaybirds@groups.io and/or eBird.

See the Santa Clara County Bird List Discussion Archive 2022 or view all the cumulative year lists.

Discussion for December 2022

For December we had 3 new birds, bringing the total at the end of the month to 299. The average for December is 3 new birds, and the average at the end of December is 287. I have records going back to 2000, and the 299 bird species for 2022 is a record number since 2000! There were no birds that were not ABA-countable in December. Thank you to everyone who birded, and took the time to report birds either on SBB, eBird, or send emails directly to me.

Here are the 3 new birds for December, including rarity codes in parentheses:

  1. 5-Dec: Plumbeous Vireo (6), found by Lisa Myers, in her yard in Campbell

  2. 18-Dec: Lesser Black-backed Gull (5), found by Mike Rogers and Steve Rottenborn at Salt Pond A12

  3. 18-Dec: Ruff (5), found by Mike Rogers and Steve Rottenborn at Salt Pond A9

My monthly reports are made up of eBird sightings, postings on south-bay-birds, and direct emails. The monthly cumulative lists are archived on the SCVAS website at https://scvas.org/sc-county-cumulative-year-lists. Please post all your sightings to: south-bay-birds@groups.io or to www.ebird.org .

Please contact me if you find errors or omissions, or have questions or comments.

Brooke Miller

Birds observed through DEcember 2022

Bird Name 2022 date RARITY CODE OBSERVER
Fulvous Whistling-Duck 6
Snow Goose 1/1/2022 4 MOb
Ross's Goose 1/2/2022 4 BL-L,VL-L,DWe
Greater White-fronted Goose 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Brant 7/9/2022 5 KHo
Cackling Goose 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Canada Goose 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Tundra Swan 11/19/2022 5 JSch, DJo
Wood Duck 1/2/2022 3 COv,JSch
Garganey 6
Blue-winged Teal 1/6/2022 4 GMu
Cinnamon Teal 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Northern Shoveler 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Gadwall 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Eurasian Wigeon 1/1/2022 3 MOb
American Wigeon 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Mallard 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Northern Pintail 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Green-winged Teal 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Canvasback 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Redhead 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Ring-necked Duck 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Tufted Duck 1/1/2022 5 MDd
Greater Scaup 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Lesser Scaup 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Surf Scoter 1/1/2022 2 MOb
White-winged Scoter 1/6/2022 5 RWR
Black Scoter 6
Long-tailed Duck 5
Bufflehead 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Common Goldeneye 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Barrow's Goldeneye 1/1/2022 4 MOb
Hooded Merganser 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Common Merganser 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Red-breasted Merganser 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Ruddy Duck 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Mountain Quail 6
California Quail 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Wild Turkey 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Ring-necked Pheasant 1/8/2022 4 MDd
Pied-billed Grebe 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Horned Grebe 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Red-necked Grebe 1/5/2022 5 HF
Eared Grebe 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Western Grebe 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Clark's Grebe 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Rock Pigeon 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Band-tailed Pigeon 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Oriental Turtle-Dove 2/2/2022 6 ABa
Eurasian Collared-Dove 1/1/2022 2 MOb
White-winged Dove 6
Mourning Dove 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Greater Roadrunner 3/11/2022 4 MOb
Yellow-billed Cuckoo 6
Lesser Nighthawk 6
Common Nighthawk 6
Common Poorwill 2/27/2022 3 KONe,BPe
Black Swift 5/11/2022 4 GL
Chimney Swift 6
Vaux's Swift 3/16/2022 3 AV
White-throated Swift 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Black-chinned Hummingbird 4/9/2022 3 HF
Anna's Hummingbird 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Costa's Hummingbird 5
Calliope Hummingbird 4/20/2022 4 KONe, BPe
Rufous Hummingbird 2/4/2022 3 SPv
Allen's Hummingbird 1/30/2022 3 CJo,NX
Broad-tailed Hummingbird 6
Ridgway's Rail 1/1/2022 3 AHe,ATe
Virginia Rail 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Sora 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Common Gallinule 1/1/2022 2 MOb
American Coot 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Yellow Rail 6
Black Rail 2/1/2022 5 Sensitive Species
Sandhill Crane 6
Black-necked Stilt 1/1/2022 1 MOb
American Avocet 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Black Oystercatcher 6
Black-bellied Plover 1/1/2022 1 RSh
American Golden-Plover 5
Pacific Golden-Plover 10/22/2022 5 Anon
Snowy Plover 1/11/2022 4 LSu
Semipalmated Plover 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Killdeer 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Mountain Plover 6
Whimbrel 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Long-billed Curlew 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Bar-tailed Godwit 6
Hudsonian Godwit 6
Marbled Godwit 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Ruddy Turnstone 4/24/2022 5 BM
Black Turnstone 8/20/2022 6 PD
Red Knot 4/20/2022 4 ABu
Ruff 12/18/2022 5 MMR, SRot
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper 6
Stilt Sandpiper 5
Curlew Sandpiper 1/1/2022 6 MOb
Sanderling 1/1/2022 4 Anon
Dunlin 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Baird's Sandpiper 8/7/2022 4 SWe
Little Stint 6
Least Sandpiper 1/1/2022 1 MOb
White-rumped Sandpiper 6
Buff-breasted Sandpiper 6
Pectoral Sandpiper 10/7/2022 4 WGB
Semipalmated Sandpiper 7/25/2022 4 BM
Western Sandpiper 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Short-billed Dowitcher 1/1/2022 2 Anon
Long-billed Dowitcher 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Wilson's Snipe 1/1/2022 3 JSch
Wilson's Phalarope 5/13/2022 2 KHo
Red-necked Phalarope 4/21/2022 2 MJM
Red Phalarope 7/31/2022 5 MMJ
Spotted Sandpiper 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Solitary Sandpiper 4/8/2022 5 EFl
Wandering Tattler 6
Greater Yellowlegs 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Willet 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Lesser Yellowlegs 1/4/2022 3 BM
Pomarine Jaeger 6
Parasitic Jaeger 8/19/2022 5 CJC,LSpi
Long-tailed Jaeger 8/25/2022 6 JMu
Common Murre 9/17/2022 5 JMD
Pigeon Guillemot 6
Ancient Murrelet 6
Cassin's Auklet 6
Black-legged Kittiwake 6
Sabine's Gull 9/13/2022 5 GL
Bonaparte's Gull 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Black-headed Gull 6
Little Gull 6
Laughing Gull 6
Franklin's Gull 11/17/2022 5 DWen
Heermann's Gull 6
Short-billed Gull 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Ring-billed Gull 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Western Gull 1/1/2022 1 MOb
California Gull 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Herring Gull 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Iceland Gull 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Lesser Black-backed Gull 12/18/2022 5 MMR, SRot
Slaty-backed Gull 6
Glaucous-winged Gull 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Glaucous Gull 1/30/2022 4 GL
Least Tern 7/13/2022 4 LdA
Gull-billed Tern 6
Caspian Tern 1/6/2022 2 GL,SWe
Black Tern 5/20/2022 5 ESc
Common Tern 8/4/2022 4 PDu
Arctic Tern 6
Forster's Tern 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Elegant Tern 4/10/2022 3 ABu
Black Skimmer 1/22/2022 3 JDe
Red-throated Loon 4
Arctic Loon 6
Pacific Loon 5
Common Loon 11/12/2022 4 ABu, ZW, IFe
Yellow-billed Loon 6
Ashy Storm-Petrel 6
Northern Fulmar 6
Sooty Shearwater 6
Magnificent Frigatebird 6
Nazca Booby 6
Brown Booby 6
Brandt's Cormorant 9/10/2022 6 GL
Pelagic Cormorant 10/28/2022 6 MJM, MMR
Double-crested Cormorant 1/1/2022 1 MOb
American White Pelican 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Brown Pelican 1/2/2022 2 MOb
American Bittern 3/26/2022 4 LYe
Least Bittern 7/16/2022 6 MJM
Great Blue Heron 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Great Egret 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Snowy Egret 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Little Blue Heron 6
Cattle Egret 5
Green Heron 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Black-crowned Night-Heron 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Glossy Ibis 6
White-faced Ibis 5/21/2022 4 MOb
California Condor 6/28/2022 6 RPh
Turkey Vulture 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Osprey 1/1/2022 3 MCh
White-tailed Kite 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Golden Eagle 1/1/2022 3 MHau,MJ
Northern Harrier 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Sharp-shinned Hawk 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Cooper's Hawk 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Northern Goshawk 6
Bald Eagle 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Red-shouldered Hawk 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Broad-winged Hawk 6
Swainson's Hawk 3/29/2022 4 DWe
Zone-tailed Hawk 6
Red-tailed Hawk 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Rough-legged Hawk 11/4/2022 5 SRot
Ferruginous Hawk 1/1/2022 4 MJM
Barn Owl 1/8/2022 2 JCho
Flammulated Owl 6
Western Screech-Owl 1/2/2022 2 NMa,MMR
Great Horned Owl 1/1/2022 1 JDe
Northern Pygmy-Owl 1/17/2022 3 DKu,CaiS
Burrowing Owl 1/1/2022 3 ACas
Long-eared Owl 4
Short-eared Owl 1/15/2022 4 Anon,TG
Northern Saw-whet Owl 1/15/2022 3 DN
Belted Kingfisher 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Williamson's Sapsucker 1/1/2022 6 MOb
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 1/1/2022 5 TH
Red-naped Sapsucker 5
Red-breasted Sapsucker 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Lewis's Woodpecker 1/2/2022 4 MOb
Acorn Woodpecker 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Downy Woodpecker 1/1/2022 2 JPa
Nuttall's Woodpecker 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Hairy Woodpecker 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Pileated Woodpecker 1/4/2022 4 JSch
Northern Flicker 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Crested Caracara 6
American Kestrel 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Merlin 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Peregrine Falcon 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Prairie Falcon 1/24/2022 4 DWe
Mitred Parakeet 1/3/2022 3 MPy
Olive-sided Flycatcher 4/17/2022 3 AMR
Western Wood-Pewee 4/12/2022 2 JSw
Willow Flycatcher 5/15/2022 4 EMe, JOl
Least Flycatcher 6
Hammond's Flycatcher 1/10/2022 4 Anon
Gray Flycatcher 5/12/2022 5 JHar
Dusky Flycatcher 4/30/2022 5 EFl
Pacific-slope Flycatcher 3/20/2022 1 MJ
Black Phoebe 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Eastern Phoebe 1/8/2022 6 MoN,TKP
Say's Phoebe 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Vermilion Flycatcher 3/21/2022 6 DWe
Ash-throated Flycatcher 4/1/2022 2 CWi
Tropical Kingbird 1/1/2022 6 MOb
Cassin's Kingbird 1/6/2022 4 MJM
Thick-billed Kingbird 6
Western Kingbird 3/18/2022 2 TKP
Eastern Kingbird 5/30/2022 6 CCh
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher 6
White-eyed Vireo 6
Bell's Vireo 6
Hutton's Vireo 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Yellow-throated Vireo 6
Cassin's Vireo 3/20/2022 2 HF
Blue-headed Vireo 6
Plumbeous Vireo 12/5/2022 6 LM
Philadelphia Vireo 6
Warbling Vireo 3/13/2022 2 JTa
Red-eyed Vireo 6
Loggerhead Shrike 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Northern Shrike 6
Pinyon Jay 6
Steller's Jay 1/1/2022 1 MOb
California Scrub-Jay 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Black-billed Magpie 6
Yellow-billed Magpie 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Clark's Nutcracker 6
American Crow 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Common Raven 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Chestnut-backed Chickadee 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Oak Titmouse 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Horned Lark 1/4/2022 3 JTi
Northern Rough-winged Swallow 2/6/2022 2 HA
Purple Martin 4/9/2022 4 CGa, MMR
Tree Swallow 1/1/2022 2 Anon,TP
Violet-green Swallow 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Bank Swallow 4/30/2022 5 DSi
Barn Swallow 1/2/2022 1 MOb
Cliff Swallow 3/10/2022 1 JMD
Arctic Warbler 6
Bushtit 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Wrentit 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Golden-crowned Kinglet 1/3/2022 4 GRy
Red-breasted Nuthatch 1/1/2022 3 MOb
White-breasted Nuthatch 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Pygmy Nuthatch 1/1/2022 4 SCh,FV
Brown Creeper 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 1/1/2022 2 MAm,SKr
Rock Wren 1/2/2022 3 MOb
Canyon Wren 1/4/2022 4 JTi
House Wren 2/21/2022 2 MDd
Pacific Wren 1/1/2022 3 SRot
Marsh Wren 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Bewick's Wren 1/1/2022 1 MOb
American Dipper 1/3/2022 4 GRy
European Starling 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Gray Catbird 6
Brown Thrasher 6
California Thrasher 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Sage Thrasher 6
Northern Mockingbird 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Western Bluebird 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Mountain Bluebird 11/13/2022 6 WGB
Townsend's Solitaire 1/11/2022 5 BM
Varied Thrush 1/1/2022 3 SRot
Swainson's Thrush 4/26/2022 2 DCh
Hermit Thrush 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Wood Thrush 6
American Robin 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Bohemian Waxwing 6
Cedar Waxwing 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Phainopepla 1/1/2022 4 MOb
House Sparrow 1/1/2022 1 MOb
White Wagtail 6
Red-throated Pipit 6
American Pipit 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Evening Grosbeak 5
House Finch 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Purple Finch 1/1/2022 2 KAk
Cassin's Finch 6
Red Crossbill 5
Pine Siskin 1/1/2022 3 MDd
Lesser Goldfinch 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Lawrence's Goldfinch 1/9/2022 3 JPa
American Goldfinch 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Lapland Longspur 6
Chestnut-collared Longspur 6
Snow Bunting 6
Grasshopper Sparrow 1/9/2022 3 GL,SWe
Chipping Sparrow 1/1/2022 3 JPa
Clay-colored Sparrow 9/21/2022 5 SSm
Black-chinned Sparrow 4/26/2022 4 BM
Brewer's Sparrow 9/21/2022 5 GL
Black-throated Sparrow 6
Lark Sparrow 1/2/2022 2 EMe
Lark Bunting 6
American Tree Sparrow 6
Fox Sparrow 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Dark-eyed Junco 1/1/2022 1 MOb
White-crowned Sparrow 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Golden-crowned Sparrow 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Harris's Sparrow 6
White-throated Sparrow 1/1/2022 4 JPa
Bell's Sparrow 1/2/2022 4 BW
Vesper Sparrow 10/8/2022 5 ZW
LeConte's Sparrow 6
Nelson's Sparrow 5
Savannah Sparrow 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Song Sparrow 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Lincoln's Sparrow 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Swamp Sparrow 1/1/2022 4 MOb
California Towhee 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Rufous-crowned Sparrow 1/1/2022 3 MOb
Green-tailed Towhee 10/16/2022 5 SAl
Spotted Towhee 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Yellow-breasted Chat 4/30/2022 4 MDd, BL-L, KZ
Yellow-headed Blackbird 9/23/2022 5 MJM, MMR
Bobolink 10/1/2022 6 JWes
Western Meadowlark 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Orchard Oriole 6
Hooded Oriole 3/21/2022 2 EMe
Bullock's Oriole 2/4/2022 1 TE
Baltimore Oriole 6
Scott's Oriole 6
Red-winged Blackbird 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Tricolored Blackbird 1/1/2022 3 LSu
Brown-headed Cowbird 1/1/2022 2 MJM,LSu
Rusty Blackbird 10/27/2022 6 CGr, DGr
Brewer's Blackbird 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Great-tailed Grackle 1/1/2022 3 GRy
Ovenbird 6
Worm-eating Warbler 6
Louisiana Waterthrush 6
Northern Waterthrush 9/12/2022 5 MFa, SWe
Black-and-white Warbler 9/16/2022 5 MKi
Prothonotary Warbler 6
Tennessee Warbler 9/17/2022 6 GLu
Orange-crowned Warbler 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Lucy's Warbler 6
Nashville Warbler 4/9/2022 4 JHa, MJM
Virginia's Warbler 6
Connecticut Warbler 6
MacGillivray's Warbler 4/13/2022 4 BM
Kentucky Warbler 6
Common Yellowthroat 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Hooded Warbler 6
American Redstart 2/5/2022 5 JaL
Cape May Warbler 6
Northern Parula 5
Magnolia Warbler 6
Bay-breasted Warbler 6
Blackburnian Warbler 6
Yellow Warbler 1/10/2022 1 DWe,MMR
Chestnut-sided Warbler 9/17/2022 6 JRoy
Blackpoll Warbler 9/24/2022 5 JSch
Black-throated Blue Warbler 11/21/2022 6 GLu
Palm Warbler 10/28/2022 5 WGB
Pine Warbler 6
Yellow-rumped Warbler 1/1/2022 1 MOb
Prairie Warbler 6
Black-throated Gray Warbler 1/10/2022 3 ATen
Townsend's Warbler 1/1/2022 2 MOb
Hermit Warbler 3/25/2022 3 JPa
Black-throated Green Warbler 6
Canada Warbler 9/21/2022 6 LM
Wilson's Warbler 1/6/2022 1 WGB
Painted Redstart 9/28/2022 6 MBa, ECo
Summer Tanager 3/25/2022 5 JPa
Scarlet Tanager 6
Western Tanager 1/2/2022 2 GRu
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 6/26/2022 5 ESo
Black-headed Grosbeak 2/5/2022 1 MAA
Blue Grosbeak 5/14/2022 4 Anon
Lazuli Bunting 4/9/2022 2 MOb
Indigo Bunting 5
Painted Bunting 6
Dickcissel 6
299 299
NOT ABA Countable:
Mute Swan
Egyptian Goose
Mandarin Duck
African Collared-Dove
Nanday Parakeet
Red-masked Parakeet 1/18/2022 GL,BM
Northern Red Bishop
Scaly-breasted Munia 1/5/2022 GRy
Orange-cheeked Waxbill
European Goldfinch
Yellow-crowned Parrot 1/11/2022 VHe,ShSh
3

Observer Codes*

Abbreviation Name
ABa Andrew Bradshaw
ABu Adam Burnett
ACas Alex Castelein
AMR Alex Rinkert
ATen Annette Teng
ATe Alex Tey
AV Ann Verdi
BL-L Barry Langdon-Lassagne
BM Brooke Miller
BPe Bill Pelletier
BW Bill Walker
CCh Caitlin Chock
CJC Charles Coston
CGa Carter Gasiorowski
CGr Carol Ann Krug Graves
CJo Chris Johnson
COv Chris Overington
CaiS Caitlin S
CWi Chris Wilson
DCh Dani Christensen
DGr David Graves
DJo Dorothy Johnson
DKu Dan Kuriger
DN David Nickerson
DSi Dessi Sieburth
DWe Dave Weber
Dwen Dan Wenny
ECo Ellyn Corey
EFl Erica Fleniken
EMe Eve Meier
ESc Elena Scott
ESo Elif Soyarslan
GL Garrett Lau
GLu Gregory Luckert
GMu Ginny Murphy
GRu Gregory Russo
GRy Gordon Rydquist
HA Heather Anderson
HF Howard Friedman
IFe Ishira Fernando
JCho Jason Chou
JDe Jim Dehnert
JHar John Harshman
JaL Jasen Liu
JMu Julio Mulero
JOl Jennifer Oliver
JPa Janna Pauser
JRoy Jim Royer
JSch John Scharpen
JTa Julian Tattoni
JTi Joan Tisdale
JWes Jacob West
KAk Ken Akamatsu
KHo Kirsten Holmquist
KONe Kitty O'Neill
KZ Katja Zuske
LdA Luca de Alfaro
LM Lisa Myers
LSpi Larry Spivak
LSu Linda Sullivan
LYe Loni Ye
MAA Mary Ann Allan
MAm Mike Ambrose
MBa Meg Barron
MCh Michael Christopherson
JMD Mike Danzenbaker
MDd Matthew Dodder
MFa Marion Farber
MHau Megan Hausler
MJ Melissa Johnson
MKi Mark Kinsman
MJM Mike Mammoser
MoN Monica N
MPy Michael Pyle
MMR Mike Rogers
NMa Nateri Madavan
NX Ning Xu
PD Peggy Don
PDu Pete Dunten
RPh Ryan Phillips
RWR Bob Reiling
RSh Robert Shields
SAl Sree Alavattam
SCh Shrey Chaudhary
SKr Sonja Kramer
SPv Sergey Pavlov
SRot Steve Rottenborn
ShSh Shweta Shidhore
SSm Scott Smithson
SWe Susan Weinstein
TE Todd Easterla
TG Tricia Gardner
TH Timothy Hoo
TKP TkP
TP Travis Poitras
VHe Vinayak Hebbagil
VL-L Virginia Langdon-Lassagne
WGB Bill Bousman
ZW Zihan Wei

Rarity Codes**

1 = common, always seen in habitat in season.
2 = fairly common, usually in habitat in season, but missed sometimes.
3 = uncommon, always around, but sometimes you can't find.
4 = rare, occurs yearly in the county, but not always in same places.
5 = very rare, does not occur every year.
6 = casual or vagrant, generally fewer than 10 records.